test: add concurrency tests for storage implementations (#4631)

Signed-off-by: maksim.nabokikh <max.nabokih@gmail.com>

storage/conformance/transactions.go

@@ -2,9 +2,12 @@ package conformance
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
 
 	"github.com/dexidp/dex/storage"
@@ -26,6 +29,16 @@ func RunTransactionTests(t *testing.T, newStorage func(t *testing.T) storage.Sto
 	})
 }
 
+// RunConcurrencyTests runs tests that verify storage implementations handle
+// high-contention parallel updates correctly. Unlike RunTransactionTests,
+// these tests use real goroutine-based parallelism rather than nested calls,
+// and are safe to run on all storage backends (including those with non-reentrant locks).
+func RunConcurrencyTests(t *testing.T, newStorage func(t *testing.T) storage.Storage) {
+	runTests(t, newStorage, []subTest{
+		{"RefreshTokenParallelUpdate", testRefreshTokenParallelUpdate},
+	})
+}
+
 func testClientConcurrentUpdate(t *testing.T, s storage.Storage) {
 	ctx := t.Context()
 	c := storage.Client{
@@ -180,3 +193,111 @@ func testKeysConcurrentUpdate(t *testing.T, s storage.Storage) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// testRefreshTokenParallelUpdate tests that many parallel updates to the same
+// refresh token are serialized correctly by the storage and no updates are lost.
+//
+// Each goroutine atomically increments a counter stored in the Token field.
+// After all goroutines finish, the counter must equal the number of successful updates.
+// A mismatch indicates lost updates due to broken atomicity.
+func testRefreshTokenParallelUpdate(t *testing.T, s storage.Storage) {
+	ctx := t.Context()
+
+	id := storage.NewID()
+	refresh := storage.RefreshToken{
+		ID:          id,
+		Token:       "0",
+		Nonce:       "foo",
+		ClientID:    "client_id",
+		ConnectorID: "connector_id",
+		Scopes:      []string{"openid"},
+		CreatedAt:   time.Now().UTC().Round(time.Millisecond),
+		LastUsed:    time.Now().UTC().Round(time.Millisecond),
+		Claims: storage.Claims{
+			UserID:   "1",
+			Username: "jane",
+			Email:    "jane@example.com",
+		},
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, s.CreateRefresh(ctx, refresh))
+
+	const numWorkers = 100
+
+	type updateResult struct {
+		err      error
+		newToken string // token value written by this worker's updater
+	}
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	results := make([]updateResult, numWorkers)
+
+	for i := range numWorkers {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			results[i].err = s.UpdateRefreshToken(ctx, id, func(old storage.RefreshToken) (storage.RefreshToken, error) {
+				counter, _ := strconv.Atoi(old.Token)
+				old.Token = strconv.Itoa(counter + 1)
+				results[i].newToken = old.Token
+				return old, nil
+			})
+		}()
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	errCounts := map[string]int{}
+	var successes int
+	writtenTokens := map[string]int{}
+	for _, r := range results {
+		if r.err == nil {
+			successes++
+			writtenTokens[r.newToken]++
+		} else {
+			errCounts[r.err.Error()]++
+		}
+	}
+
+	for msg, count := range errCounts {
+		t.Logf("error (x%d): %s", count, msg)
+	}
+
+	stored, err := s.GetRefresh(ctx, id)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	counter, err := strconv.Atoi(stored.Token)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	t.Logf("parallel refresh token updates: %d/%d succeeded, final counter: %d", successes, numWorkers, counter)
+
+	if successes < numWorkers {
+		t.Errorf("not all updates succeeded: %d/%d (some failed under contention)", successes, numWorkers)
+	}
+
+	if counter != successes {
+		t.Errorf("lost updates detected: %d successful updates but counter is %d", successes, counter)
+	}
+
+	// Each successful updater must have seen a unique counter value.
+	// Duplicates would mean two updaters read the same state — a sign of broken atomicity.
+	for token, count := range writtenTokens {
+		if count > 1 {
+			t.Errorf("token %q was written by %d updaters — concurrent updaters saw the same state", token, count)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Successful updaters must have produced a contiguous sequence 1..N.
+	// A gap would mean an updater saw stale state even though the write succeeded.
+	for i := 1; i <= successes; i++ {
+		if writtenTokens[strconv.Itoa(i)] != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("expected token %q to be written exactly once, got %d", strconv.Itoa(i), writtenTokens[strconv.Itoa(i)])
+		}
+	}
+
+	// The token stored in the database must match the highest value written.
+	// This confirms that the last successful update is the one persisted.
+	if stored.Token != strconv.Itoa(successes) {
+		t.Errorf("stored token %q does not match expected final value %q", stored.Token, strconv.Itoa(successes))
+	}
+}

storage/ent/mysql_test.go

@@ -105,6 +105,11 @@ func TestMySQL(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	conformance.RunTests(t, newStorage)
 	conformance.RunTransactionTests(t, newStorage)
+
+	// TODO(nabokihms): ent MySQL does not retry on deadlocks (Error 1213, SQLSTATE 40001:
+	// Deadlock found when trying to get lock; try restarting transaction).
+	// Under high contention most updates fail.
+	// conformance.RunConcurrencyTests(t, newStorage)
 }
 
 func TestMySQL8(t *testing.T) {
@@ -126,6 +131,11 @@ func TestMySQL8(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	conformance.RunTests(t, newStorage)
 	conformance.RunTransactionTests(t, newStorage)
+
+	// TODO(nabokihms): ent MySQL 8 does not retry on deadlocks (Error 1213, SQLSTATE 40001:
+	// Deadlock found when trying to get lock; try restarting transaction).
+	// Under high contention most updates fail.
+	// conformance.RunConcurrencyTests(t, newStorage)
 }
 
 func TestMySQLDSN(t *testing.T) {

storage/ent/postgres_test.go

@@ -65,6 +65,11 @@ func TestPostgres(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	conformance.RunTests(t, newStorage)
 	conformance.RunTransactionTests(t, newStorage)
+
+	// TODO(nabokihms): ent Postgres uses SERIALIZABLE transaction isolation for UpdateRefreshToken,
+	// but does not retry on serialization failures (pq: could not serialize access due to
+	// concurrent update, SQLSTATE 40001). Under high contention most updates fail immediately.
+	// conformance.RunConcurrencyTests(t, newStorage)
 }
 
 func TestPostgresDSN(t *testing.T) {

storage/ent/sqlite_test.go

@@ -21,4 +21,5 @@ func newSQLiteStorage(t *testing.T) storage.Storage {
 
 func TestSQLite3(t *testing.T) {
 	conformance.RunTests(t, newSQLiteStorage)
+	conformance.RunConcurrencyTests(t, newSQLiteStorage)
 }

storage/etcd/etcd_test.go

@@ -89,4 +89,11 @@ func TestEtcd(t *testing.T) {
 	withTimeout(time.Minute*1, func() {
 		conformance.RunTransactionTests(t, newStorage)
 	})
+
+	// TODO(nabokihms): etcd uses compare-and-swap (txnUpdate) for UpdateRefreshToken,
+	// but does not retry on CAS conflicts ("concurrent conflicting update happened").
+	// Under high contention virtually all updates fail — only the first writer succeeds.
+	// withTimeout(time.Minute*1, func() {
+	// 	  conformance.RunConcurrencyTests(t, newStorage)
+	// })
 }

storage/kubernetes/lock.go

@@ -22,8 +22,18 @@ var (
 //   - Some of OIDC providers could use the refresh token rotation feature which requires calling refresh only once.
 //   - Providers can limit the rate of requests to the token endpoint, which will lead to the error
 //     in case of many concurrent requests.
+//
+// The lock uses a Kubernetes annotation on the refresh token resource as a mutex.
+// Only one goroutine can hold the lock at a time; others poll until the annotation
+// is removed (unlocked) or expires (broken). The Kubernetes resourceVersion on put
+// acts as compare-and-swap: if two goroutines race to set the annotation, only one
+// succeeds and the other gets a 409 Conflict.
 type refreshTokenLock struct {
 	cli *client
+	// waitingState tracks whether this lock instance has lost a compare-and-swap race
+	// and is now polling for the lock to be released. Used by Unlock to skip the
+	// annotation removal — only the goroutine that successfully wrote the annotation
+	// should remove it.
 	waitingState bool
 }
 
@@ -31,6 +41,8 @@ func newRefreshTokenLock(cli *client) *refreshTokenLock {
 	return &refreshTokenLock{cli: cli}
 }
 
+// Lock polls until the lock annotation can be set on the refresh token resource.
+// Returns nil when the lock is acquired, or an error on timeout (60 attempts × 100ms).
 func (l *refreshTokenLock) Lock(id string) error {
 	for i := 0; i <= 60; i++ {
 		ok, err := l.setLockAnnotation(id)
@@ -45,9 +57,12 @@ func (l *refreshTokenLock) Lock(id string) error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("timeout waiting for refresh token %s lock", id)
 }
 
+// Unlock removes the lock annotation from the refresh token resource.
+// Only the holder of the lock (waitingState == false) performs the removal.
 func (l *refreshTokenLock) Unlock(id string) {
 	if l.waitingState {
-		// Do not need to unlock for waiting goroutines, because the have not set it.
+		// This goroutine never successfully wrote the annotation, so there's
+		// nothing to remove. Another goroutine holds (or held) the lock.
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -64,6 +79,13 @@ func (l *refreshTokenLock) Unlock(id string) {
 	}
 }
 
+// setLockAnnotation attempts to acquire the lock by writing an annotation with
+// an expiration timestamp. Returns (true, nil) when the caller should keep waiting,
+// (false, nil) when the lock is acquired, or (false, err) on a non-retriable error.
+//
+// The locking protocol relies on Kubernetes optimistic concurrency: every put
+// includes the resource's current resourceVersion, so concurrent writes to the
+// same object result in a 409 Conflict for all but one writer.
 func (l *refreshTokenLock) setLockAnnotation(id string) (bool, error) {
 	r, err := l.cli.getRefreshToken(id)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -77,13 +99,14 @@ func (l *refreshTokenLock) setLockAnnotation(id string) (bool, error) {
 
 	val, ok := r.Annotations[lockAnnotation]
 	if !ok {
-		if l.waitingState {
+		// No annotation means the lock is free. Every goroutine — whether it's
-			return false, nil
+		// a first-time caller or was previously waiting — must compete by writing
-		}
+		// the annotation. The put uses the current resourceVersion, so only one
-
+		// writer succeeds; the rest get a 409 Conflict and go back to polling.
 		r.Annotations = lockData
 		err := l.cli.put(resourceRefreshToken, r.ObjectMeta.Name, r)
 		if err == nil {
+			l.waitingState = false
 			return false, nil
 		}
 
@@ -100,24 +123,24 @@ func (l *refreshTokenLock) setLockAnnotation(id string) (bool, error) {
 	}
 
 	if !currentTime.After(until) {
-		// waiting for the lock to be released
+		// Lock is held by another goroutine and has not expired yet — keep polling.
 		l.waitingState = true
 		return true, nil
 	}
 
-	// Lock time is out, lets break the lock and take the advantage
+	// Lock has expired (holder crashed or is too slow). Attempt to break it by
+	// overwriting the annotation with a new expiration. Again, only one writer
+	// can win the compare-and-swap race.
 	r.Annotations = lockData
 
 	err = l.cli.put(resourceRefreshToken, r.ObjectMeta.Name, r)
 	if err == nil {
-		// break lock annotation
 		return false, nil
 	}
 
 	l.cli.logger.Debug("break lock annotation", "error", err)
 	if isKubernetesAPIConflictError(err) {
 		l.waitingState = true
-		// after breaking error waiting for the lock to be released
 		return true, nil
 	}
 	return false, err

storage/kubernetes/storage_test.go

@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ func (s *StorageTestSuite) TestStorage() {
 	}
 
 	conformance.RunTests(s.T(), newStorage)
+	conformance.RunConcurrencyTests(s.T(), newStorage)
 	conformance.RunTransactionTests(s.T(), newStorage)
 }
 

storage/memory/memory_test.go

@@ -15,4 +15,5 @@ func TestStorage(t *testing.T) {
 		return New(logger)
 	}
 	conformance.RunTests(t, newStorage)
+	conformance.RunConcurrencyTests(t, newStorage)
 }

storage/sql/config_test.go

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ type opener interface {
 	open(logger *slog.Logger) (*conn, error)
 }
 
-func testDB(t *testing.T, o opener, withTransactions bool) {
+func testDB(t *testing.T, o opener, withTransactions, withConcurrentTests bool) {
 	// t.Fatal has a bad habit of not actually printing the error
 	fatal := func(i any) {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stdout, i)
@@ -71,11 +71,18 @@ func testDB(t *testing.T, o opener, withTransactions bool) {
 	withTimeout(time.Minute*1, func() {
 		conformance.RunTests(t, newStorage)
 	})
+
 	if withTransactions {
 		withTimeout(time.Minute*1, func() {
 			conformance.RunTransactionTests(t, newStorage)
 		})
 	}
+
+	if withConcurrentTests {
+		withTimeout(time.Minute*1, func() {
+			conformance.RunConcurrencyTests(t, newStorage)
+		})
+	}
 }
 
 func getenv(key, defaultVal string) string {
@@ -236,7 +243,7 @@ func TestPostgres(t *testing.T) {
 			Mode: pgSSLDisable, // Postgres container doesn't support SSL.
 		},
 	}
-	testDB(t, p, true)
+	testDB(t, p, true, false)
 }
 
 const testMySQLEnv = "DEX_MYSQL_HOST"
@@ -273,7 +280,7 @@ func TestMySQL(t *testing.T) {
 			"innodb_lock_wait_timeout": "3",
 		},
 	}
-	testDB(t, s, true)
+	testDB(t, s, true, false)
 }
 
 const testMySQL8Env = "DEX_MYSQL8_HOST"
@@ -310,5 +317,5 @@ func TestMySQL8(t *testing.T) {
 			"innodb_lock_wait_timeout": "3",
 		},
 	}
-	testDB(t, s, true)
+	testDB(t, s, true, false)
 }

storage/sql/sqlite_test.go

@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestSQLite3(t *testing.T) {
-	testDB(t, &SQLite3{":memory:"}, false)
+	testDB(t, &SQLite3{":memory:"}, false, true)
 }